The Autism The Syndrome And Its Implications For Autism...

With a slight increase of knowledge about the disability, researchers searched for reasons of the causes of autism. According to Bruno Bettelheim, he claimed that mothers not being affectionate enough, demonstrating coldness towards their children caused the Autism. Kanner and Bettelheim worked together to prove their hypothesis that children who were diagnosis with autism had mothers who were fridge and unloving towards them (Mandal, 2009). They conducted many different experiments to prove this theory; they even would separate the children with autism from their mothers, recording their actions for date to support their hypothesis. Many people challenged this theory, such as psychologist Benard Rimland who had a child with Autism. He denounced the hypothesis that mothers not being affectionate to their children, stating that his and his wife parenting skills were not the cause of this disability. In 1946 he published, Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and its Implications for Neura l Theory and Behavior, sharing a new perspective and theory of what causes autism (Mandal, 2009). As time progressed so did awareness for autism and new development in teaching and therapy. By the 1980s the Erica foundation started education and therapy for children with autism. Also in the 1980s research gained momentum, concluding that parenting had no role in the causation of autism. In 1991 the federal government adds Autism Spectrum Disorder to the special education category, allowing publicShow MoreRelatedA Research Topic On Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Topic: NEW 9-28-16 Ariel Robinson Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Currently, scientists do not know the exact cause of autism. However, it is agreed upon that the underlying cause is highly likely to be influencedRead MoreAsperger Syndrome: Implications and Intervention1375 Words   |  5 PagesAsperger Syndrome: Implications and Interventions Asperger Syndrome (AS) is a condition characterized by developmental delays most notable in social contexts. AS is most commonly identified by obsessive and repetitive behaviors and unawareness of nonverbal communication. Both Asperger syndrome and autism are forms of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). It is important to note the distinctions between the two PDD’s. We do not see impairment of adaptive skills, cognitive development, or languageRead MoreAspergers Syndrome Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pageshallmarks of early childhood. These are some of the problems that people with Aspergers syndrome live with every day. Aspergers syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the DSM-IV, the manual that mental health professionals use to diagnose patients. The disorder was first included in the latest edition in 1994. It is one of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) which make up the spectrum of the autism disorders (1). Characterized by impairments in social interaction and motor coordinationRead MoreAutism And Its Effects On Children1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Autism? Autism also specified as Autistic Spectrum Disorder, ASD, Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD), Childhood Autism (ICD-10), Autistic Disorder (DSM-IV), Atypical Autism (ICD-10), PDD not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), Asperger Syndrome†¨(ICD- 10)/Asperger Disorder (DSM-IV), is a series of developmental disabilities that cause substantial impairments in social interaction, as well as difficulties in nonverbal interactions and behavioral challenges. From the early 1900s, autism has beenRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Genetics1437 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder and Genetics ASD stands for Autism Spectrum Disorder and since the early 1900’s; it has been a mystery to many researchers and psychologists. Autism is usually noticed in the first three years of life but there are many theories on which it comes about. Before the 1940s, children who showed signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder were labeled schizophrenic, emotionally disturbed, and psychotic (Kartemquin, 2008). Not until about 1943 did Leo Kranner give a clear definition forRead MoreUnderlying Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1882 Words   |  8 PagesUnderlying Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Ariel Robinson Biology 4800-Fall 2016 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of significant impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as having a range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Figure 1 shows a representation of the symptoms and sub-types of disorders that are characterizedRead MoreAutism : Children With Disabilities1264 Words   |  6 PagesHouda Sabri Dr. Joya L. Chavarin ED 99 September 29, 2016 Autism Before the nineteenth century individuals with disabilities were often seen as burdens or victims. They were also housed in asylums and institutions isolating them from the rest of the world and treating them in a non-human manner. Fortunately, that sub-human treatment was addressed in the late nineteenth by enacting major laws such as the IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) to include individuals with disabilities inRead MoreEssay about The Etiology of Autism1313 Words   |  6 Pagesof 1 in 110 children have an autism spectrum disorder, â€Å"ASD† (Nirv, Shah 2011). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, up to six out of every 1,000 children may be diagnosed with some form of autism. In addition, boys are four times more likely than girls to have autism. This means that as many as 1.5 million Americans today are believed to have some form of autism. Unfortunately, the numbers appear to be increasing rapidly. Autism is a disability that frequentlyRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay3630 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an umbrella term encompassing a wide range of conditions and severities of ability – from severe, entirely non-communicative cases, to what is often referred to as High Functioning Autism (HFA) and Asperger Syndrome (AS). Psychiatrist and professor Leo Kanner was the first to coin the label Autism , in his descriptions of a group of children he was working with, all of whom showed similar characteristics and difficulties in their social, emotionalRead MoreHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD1632 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Autism, ASD, and AD Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact. He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Autism, taken from symptoms of schizophrenia, described withdrawn symptoms or social interaction problems, and was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Developmental Interview Free Essays

In the gift of life, we tend to explore a lot of things and we are bound to experience several instances that will truly build the persona that we have. Technically as we grow older and become more mature, we face abundance of lessons which will truly define our personality. There were circumstances that we excel in our fields and on the contrary, there were times also that we become unsuccessful in our craft. We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Interview or any similar topic only for you Order Now At any rate, the positive response to this fact was that in any point in our lives we get a message that will truly shape our hearts and minds – this is what our transition in life can put forward to us. Given all the facade of what changes in our lives may bring, it is on a positive note that we go in depth with the facts and analysis that we have as of the moment, and by doing so, it is essential to have some grip with the matter by means of interviews. I conducted a dialogue with three people having the age group of young adulthood, 18 yrs old to 40 yrs old and certainly, I’ve learned a lot of interesting things about getting mature as well as the changes that maturity can offer, â€Å"changes linked to age in some way and shared by most or all adults in every generation† (Bee and Bjorklund, 2007). By giving a brief background of the people that I have talked to, one of them is a female having the age of 18, another one is 24 who is a male and the last one is 38 years old which is a female as well. We can never deny the fact that they have different approach with their lives given that they have different age brackets and at the same time they have their own sets of individuality. There were a lot of changes that occur in my life as I become more mature and face the corporate world, male 24 years old said. It’s a totally different package after school because you are bound with a lot of responsibilities and most of all you have already a grasp of what you really wanted in your life, and that entails the consideration of having your own family, â€Å"one of the most significant elements in age stratification and age norms in virtually all cultures is the pattern of experiences associated with marriage and family life† Bee and Bjorklund, 2007). It has been exemplified that at this age, you are anticipating your future. On another account, when you are still in the age of exploring things which is mostly during your teenage years, you are just apt to the happenings in your life at the present. Technically, you are just bound studying and having fun, said the 19 year old interviewee. In the case of the 38 year old female who have already her own family, the concentration is mainly on rearing the children and taking good care of the entire family needs. Practically, when we deal with change, it is absolutely on different criteria on a given maturity levels and this is what was epitomized by my interviewee. The consideration as regards to physical changes are different as we compared it with our interview, however, the physical built was not so emphasized aside from the fact that the body per se matures. Physical outlook was not emphasized superbly since the age limits in this facet was not that old already and the changes physically are not shown at this point primarily. Accordingly, as the body becomes full-grown there are health habits considerations as well. For the reason that as you encounter transition in your lives, the transformation of lifestyle also follows. In the lead of expanding your horizon, you develop certain habits which truly concern your health. Take for instance the scenario of the 24 years old, male; he utters that upon socializing wherein his work requires he established within himself the habit of drinking which he knew that in his latter life there is a consequence. On the other hand, there are additional considerations towards the habits when you are on your way to truly getting old, 38 years old interviewee claimed. Practically, health issues are serious matter since it will contribute to our lives when we are about to face older adulthood. It is imperative to mull over on what we desire doing even when we are younger because it will certainly have a pound in the succeeding years of our lives. Indeed, no one in my interviewee wanted to have a long term care scenario and positively, they are on their way to exploring life’s changes in a brighter side of the angle – that is giving importance of their health How to cite Developmental Interview, Papers

Optimization of Gasoline Engine Efficiency LPG Fuel System

Question: Describe about the Optimization of Gasoline Engine Efficiency using an LPG Fuel System . Answer: Introduction There is need to improve the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engines in the current economic trend that experiences increasing of costs of fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel globally. Other than high costs of conventional fuels, gasoline fuel engines faces several challenges associated with its properties as a hydrocarbon with low octane rating. This report is about increasing the thermal efficiency of a gasoline engine by coupling it with an LPG fuel system as a sustainable technology in the automobile industry. The report focuses on the problems affecting the gasoline engines and consequently investigates how the proposed technology would eliminate or minimize the problem. The proposed technology is examined into details Quadruple Bottom Line technique. The report further justifies the adoptability and viability of the technology to solve the stated problem. The report then concludes by making salient recommendations on the sustainability of the technology. Problem Statement One of the challenges affecting the automobile industry today is the ever increasing prices of the conventional fuels such as gasoline. According to Reitz (2015) and Wilcox (2014), fossil fuels account for 33 percent of the global energy in which more than 60 percent of the 70 million barrels are consumed daily by the transportation engines. Therefore, with such unpredictable oil prices, it is imperative to design an engine system that optimizes the fuel injected by drawing as much power from it as possible. The proposed technology offers an ideal alternative since it minimizes the use of gasoline as a conventional fuel in the automobile engine by introducing an LPG fuel system that results to a superior system. Secondly, there is the problem of energy losses associated with the automobile engines. Most of the efficiency issues are related to the conversion of the gasoline fuel from chemical energy to mechanical energy. The figure below shows the most common energy losses in a typical automobile gasoline engine. Depending on the drive cycle, only an estimated 15% of the energy drawn from gasoline fuel is used in driving and running the vehicle accessories like air conditioning (Kokjohn, Hanson, Splitter, Reitz, 2011). Much of the energy is lost sue to idling and system inefficiencies. In gasoline-powered engines, more than 62% of the energy drawn from the fuel is lost due to the inefficiency of the internal combustion engine (Michalek, Papalambros, Skerlos, 2004). The losses occur during the conversion of the chemical energy from the fuel to mechanical energy due to wasted heat, pumping air, and engine friction. According to Ingram (2014), Toyota diesel engines can obtain only up to 40% thermal efficiency although most engines range from 20-30% efficiency. The figure below shows a Toyota gasoline engine. Figure 1Toyota gasoline engine The optimization of the Gasoline Engine using LPG Fuel System Background information The major reason that inspired the development of the proposed technology is the challenges that arise due to the use of gasoline as a fuel in the automobile system. One of the challenges facing gasoline fuel is its volatile nature arising from the fact that it is a byproduct of crude oil distillation and refinery process (Filipi Assanis, 2000). As a result, there are several drawbacks of gasoline fuel such as its costliness and high heat content due to its great calorific value. Moreover, gasoline fuel does not undergo complete combustion, thereby leaving behind deposits of carbon in the combustion chamber that leads to environmental pollution in the form of exhaust (Michalek, Papalambros, Skerlos, 2004). Another drawback of gasoline engine is that its compression ratio cannot be increased and this result to lower torque produced. Furthermore, the gasoline engines have more gum content and give less mileage compared to the LPG systems (Rutland, 2011). There is also the challenge o f high maintenance cost in the case of gasoline compared to the LPG system (Dempsey, Curran, Wagner, 2016). With such a background on the problems facing the gasoline engines resulting to high inefficiency, there is need to improve the gasoline engine by modifying it to ensure that it optimizes the fuel utilization in providing the energy required to drive the engine. The modification of the gasoline engine using the LPG fuel system improves the combustion of the air-fuel mixture, thereby ensuring the production of maximum torque by the engine. Design of the Technology The proposed technology optimizes the synergy drawn from combining a conventional fuel system with a non-conventional system. In the technology, there are alternations made to the gasoline engine by introducing LPG system to a Four/Two Stroke system. Consequently, the engine system takes both gasoline and LPG as engine fuels. The LPG from the fuel storage system proceeds to the adjustable regulator via the primary delivery control valve. The fuel is injected using a rubber horse and enters through a D.C. solenoid valve system. This implies that the solenoid valve is operated using a separate battery. Separate copper tubes are fitted to the systems carburetor for acceleration and idle starting from the outlet of the solenoid valve. A different and distinct gravity feed lubrication arrangement is used unlike the petrol engine. This is because the LPG cannot mix with the lubricating oil to provide lubrication of the different areas of the engine system. In addition, the chain sprocket i s employed in the arrangement to boost the rpm of the Four/Two Stroke engine, thereby increasing the engine efficiency. The design drawing and details of the system are shown below. Figure 2 working details of the proposed design The Working of the Technology The fuel-air mixture from the carburetor jets in the crankcase via the inlet valve during the piston upward motion. During that time, compression of the mixture takes place in the cylinder that ignites the mixture when the piston is at the T.D.C. The piston transfers the motion to the crankshaft during combustion. The crankcase mixture undergoes compression and is pushed through the transfer valve in to the cylinder during the downward motion. Consequently, the exhaust gases are pushed away via the exhaust valve. During this time, the cylinder is filled with a fresh charge of the mixture to complete the Four/Two Strokes through a process known as cross flow scavenging. A complete Four/Two Stroke movement results to a complete revolution of the crankshaft. The design of the chain sprocket is another unique property of the proposed technology. The chains are designed to convert the engines pulling power to rotational power or rotational power to the pulling power through the sprocket engagement. The sprockets are designed to have more teeth compared to the gear system than have either one or two teeth. The sprockets do not have slippage while the gear teeth are designed to couple and slip against one another. Moreover, the sprocket teeth are designed differently from the gears to further improve the functionality and operation of the system. The Relevance of the Technology The technology is relevant in the contemporary automobile industry owing to the high costs of gasoline fuel in the market and the emerging trends in the fight against environmental pollution. Comparatively, LPG engine systems are readily available and cheaper than their gasoline counterparts are. The improved engine system takes care of the costly and scarce conventional fuel and minimizes the dangers associated with air pollution caused by gasoline as a conventional fuel system. Environmental pollution is one of the major drawbacks of the gasoline fuel system due to the emission of the exhaust gases to the surrounding. The integration of the LPG system in the gasoline reduces the amount of exhaust fumes emitted to the ambient thereby reducing pollution from the automobiles. This is because LPG fuels emit comparatively lesser fumes. Due to better combustion than the gasoline engines, the LPG engines are generally environmentally friendly and clean since there is no trace of carbon le ft after combustion. Secondly, LPG fuel system is more efficient compared to the gasoline engines. The LPG engines mixes easily and readily as opposed to the gasoline counterparts (Murphy, 2012). Other than being knock resistant, they have less contamination and residue due to almost complete combustion. In addition, the LPG systems have small crankcase dilution and this leads to prolonged life span of the engine. Owing to uniform distribution, the LPG systems have increased efficiency. The efficiency of the engine is further increased due to the relatively high octane rating with a better compression ratio of over 10:1. Owing to the environmental concerns and the optimization of the injected fuel, the modification of the conventional gasoline engine using an LPG system offers the best alternative to the automobile industry. The sustainability of the Proposed Technology In order to establish the sustainability of the proposed technology, the Quadruple Bottom Line is used to analyze it using the four sustainability measurement parameters including Government, Economical, Social, and Environmental aspects. Quadruple Bottom Line Sustainability Government i. Taxation: taxes will be submitted to the government once the sale of the technology commences ii. Legislation: the technology will not breach any of the state laws such as copyright, patent, and trademark. The technology will also not be used in a manner that subverts the laws such as illegal business. Economic i. Mass Customization: the design is customized to meet the needs of the individual customers with optimum production efficiency without compromising the delivery, quality, and cost. ii. Personalization: the design is oriented towards meeting the specifications of the customers such as the desired engine fuel capacity. Social i. Corporate Social Responsibility: 10% the returns from the sale of the design will be used to support community development projects such as schools, hospitals, and garbage cleaning ii. Gender: the services of both the disabled and the female employees will be considered during the production of the technology. Environmental i. Pollution: The technology reduces the emission of exhaust gases to the ambient as opposed to the gasoline fuel system that emits poisonous carbon monoxide to the environment. ii. Minimum Heat Radiation: the LPG gas engine does not emit much heat compared to the gasoline fuel that has high calorific value, thereby increasing the amount of heat radiated by the engine. Future Impact of the Technology The Current Research on the Technology In the present times, there have been ongoing research on the soot formation in the internal combustion engines that use gasoline fuels. The studies are aimed at minimizing the amount of carbon substance left in the engine after combustion due to incomplete combustion of the fuel mixture. In addition, there are studies aimed at eliminating the knocking phenomenon that causes problems in the gasoline engines. Moreover, there studies inclined towards the diesel engines, especially regarding the combustion of light-duty diesel fuels and the four-way catalyst engine systems (Kusakabe et al., 2014). Other than these, these are current studies by Wang (2013) focused on the investigation of the wear of the main bearing of the gasoline engines. The Proposed Developments There are some current proposed internal combustion engine developments such as the direct injection of the gasoline fuel in the vehicle engine conducted by Koike, Saito, Tomoda, and Yamamoto (2000). On the other hand, Devanshu et al. (2015) and Yan, Tseng, and Leong (2012) are developing a solar powered car that operates under aerodynamic principles. Such a development is aimed at minimizing the dependence on fossil fuel that is not renewable. Rynne and von Ellenrieder (2010) are also working towards the development of a wind-powered car to promote the use of green energy. These efforts are aimed at minimizing the toxic emissions by the automobile industry as a result of the consumption of fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel. Conclusion and Recommendation on the sustainability of the Technology In summary, the proposed technology should be adopted to modify the conventional gasoline engines to take up LPG gas. The LPG gas minimizes the challenges of environmental pollution and the efficiency of the internal combustion engines. One of the recommendations include the use of LPG gas more often than the gasoline fuel to minimize the amount of exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide emitted from the gasoline engines. Secondly, the engine should be modified to automate the intake of both fuels, especially where one fuel mixture runs out and there is limited time to replenish the fuel tank. References Dempsey, A., Curran, S., Wagner, R. (2016). A perspective on the range of gasoline compression ignition combustion strategies for high engine efficiency and low NOx and soot emissions: Effects of in-cylinder fuel stratification.International Journal Of Engine Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087415621805 Devanshu Singla, Aakash Tayal, Rajat Sharma, Dr J. P Kesari,. (2015). Aerodynamic Development of a Solar Car.IJERT,V4(06). https://dx.doi.org/10.17577/ijertv4is060435 Filipi, Z. Assanis, D. (2000). The effect of the stroke-to-bore ratio on combustion, heat transfer and efficiency of a homogeneous charge spark ignition engine of given displacement.International Journal Of Engine Research,1(2), 191-208. https://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087001545137 Ingram, A. (2014).Toyota Gasoline Engine Achieves Thermal Efficiency Of 38 Percent.Green Car Reports. Retrieved 29 August 2016, from https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1091436_toyota-gasoline-engine-achieves-thermal-efficiency-of-38-percent Koike, M., Saito, A., Tomoda, T., Yamamoto, Y. (2000). Research and Development of a New Direct Injection Gasoline Engine.SAE Technical Paper Series. https://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0530 Kokjohn, S., Hanson, R., Splitter, D., Reitz, R. (2011). Fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI): a pathway to controlled high-efficiency clean combustion.International Journal Of Engine Research,12(3), 209-226. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411401548 Kusakabe, R., Abe, M., Ehara, H., Ishikawa, T., Mayuzumi, T., Miyake, T. (2014). Injection Quantity Range Enhancement by Using Current Waveform Control Technique for DI Gasoline Injector.SAE International Journal Of Engines,7(2), 560-567. https://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1211 Manente, V., Johansson, B., Cannella, W. (2011). Gasoline partially premixed combustion, the future of internal combustion engines?.International Journal Of Engine Research,12(3), 194-208. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411402441 Michalek, J., Papalambros, P., Skerlos, S. (2004). A Study of Fuel Efficiency and Emission Policy Impact on Optimal Vehicle Design Decisions.Journal Of Mechanical Design,126(6), 1062. https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1804195 Murphy, S. (2012). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Natural Gas (NG) - Fire Prevention Issues.Transactions Of The VSB - Technical University Of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series,VII(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10281-012-0012-y Reitz, R. (2015).Grand challenges in engine and automotive engineering.Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. Retrieved 29 August 2016, from https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2015.00001 Rutland, C. (2011). Large-eddy simulations for internal combustion engines - a review.International Journal Of Engine Research,12(5), 421-451. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411407248 Rynne, P. von Ellenrieder, K. (2010). Development and Preliminary Experimental Validation of a Wind- and Solar-Powered Autonomous Surface Vehicle.IEEE Journal Of Oceanic Engineering,35(4), 971-983. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2010.2078311 Wang, C. (2013). Diagnosis Research on Main Bearing Wear of Gasoline Engines in Mechanical Engineering.AMR,644, 304-307. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.644.304 Wilcox, J. (2014). Grand Challenges in Advanced Fossil Fuel Technologies.Frontiers In Energy Research,2. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00047 Yan, Y., Tseng, C., Leong, J. (2012). Feasibility of Solar Powered Cooling Device for Electric Car.Energy Procedia,14, 887-892. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1028